The Relationship of the Audible Pop to Hypoalgesia Associated With High-Velocity, Low-Amplitude Thrust Manipulation: A Secondary Analysis of an Experimental Study in Pain-Free Participants

Bronfort, 2004, Efficacy of spinal manipulation and mobilization for low back pain and neck pain: a systematic review and best evidence synthesis, Spine J, 4, 335, 10.1016/j.spinee.2003.06.002 Koes, 1996, Spinal manipulation for low back pain. An updated systematic review of randomized clinical trials, Spine, 21, 2860, 10.1097/00007632-199612150-00013 van, 2006, Chapter 3. European guidelines for the management of acute nonspecific low back pain in primary care, Eur Spine J, 15, S169 Chou, 2007, Diagnosis and treatment of low back pain: a joint clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians and the American Pain Society, Ann Intern Med, 147, 478, 10.7326/0003-4819-147-7-200710020-00006 Evans, 2006, A biomechanical model for mechanically efficient cavitation production during spinal manipulation: prethrust position and the neutral zone, J Manipulative Physiol Ther, 29, 72, 10.1016/j.jmpt.2005.11.011 Gibbons, 2001, Patient positioning and spinal locking for lumbar spine rotation manipulation, Man Ther, 6, 130, 10.1054/math.2001.0404 Childs, 2004, A clinical prediction rule to identify patients with low back pain most likely to benefit from spinal manipulation: a validation study, Ann Intern Med, 141, 920, 10.7326/0003-4819-141-12-200412210-00008 Flynn, 2002, A clinical prediction rule for classifying patients with low back pain who demonstrate short-term improvement with spinal manipulation, Spine, 27, 2835, 10.1097/00007632-200212150-00021 Teodorczyk-Injeyan, 2006, Spinal manipulative therapy reduces inflammatory cytokines but not substance P production in normal subjects, J Manipulative Physiol Ther, 29, 14, 10.1016/j.jmpt.2005.10.002 Teodorczyk-Injeyan, 2008, Enhancement of in vitro interleukin-2 production in normal subjects following a single spinal manipulative treatment, Chiropr Osteopat, 16, 5, 10.1186/1746-1340-16-5 Flynn, 2006, The audible pop from high-velocity thrust manipulation and outcome in individuals with low back pain, J Manipulative Physiol Ther, 29, 40, 10.1016/j.jmpt.2005.11.005 Flynn, 2003, The audible pop is not necessary for successful spinal high-velocity thrust manipulation in individuals with low back pain, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 84, 1057, 10.1016/S0003-9993(03)00048-0 Cleland, 2007, The audible pop from thoracic spine thrust manipulation and its relation to short-term outcomes in patients with neck pain, J Man Manip Ther, 15, 143, 10.1179/106698107790819828 Reggars, 1998, The therapeutic benefit of the audible release associated with spinal manipulative therapy. A critical review of the literature, Australas Chiropr Osteopathy, 7, 80 Fernandez-de-las-Penas, 2008, Changes in pressure pain thresholds over C5-C6 zygapophyseal joint after a cervicothoracic junction manipulation in healthy subjects, J Manipulative Physiol Ther, 31, 332, 10.1016/j.jmpt.2008.04.006 George, 2006, Immediate effects of spinal manipulation on thermal pain sensitivity: an experimental study, BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 7, 68, 10.1186/1471-2474-7-68 Fernandez-Carnero, 2008, Immediate hypoalgesic and motor effects after a single cervical spine manipulation in subjects with lateral epicondylalgia, J Manipulative Physiol Ther, 31, 675, 10.1016/j.jmpt.2008.10.005 Ruiz-Saez, 2007, Changes in pressure pain sensitivity in latent myofascial trigger points in the upper trapezius muscle after a cervical spine manipulation in pain-free subjects, J Manipulative Physiol Ther, 30, 578, 10.1016/j.jmpt.2007.07.014 Boal, 2004, Central neuronal plasticity, low back pain and spinal manipulative therapy, J Manipulative Physiol Ther, 27, 314, 10.1016/j.jmpt.2004.04.005 Wright, 1995, Hypoalgesia post-manipulative therapy: a review of a potential neurophysiological mechanism, Man Ther, 1, 11, 10.1054/math.1995.0244 Staud, 2001, Abnormal sensitization and temporal summation of second pain (wind-up) in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome, Pain, 91, 165, 10.1016/S0304-3959(00)00432-2 Staud, 2007, Temporal summation of second pain and its maintenance are useful for characterizing widespread central sensitization of fibromyalgia patients, J Pain, 8, 893, 10.1016/j.jpain.2007.06.006 Bialosky, 2008, The influence of expectation on spinal manipulation induced hypoalgesia: an experimental study in normal subjects, BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 9, 19, 10.1186/1471-2474-9-19 George, 2005, Fear of pain, not pain catastrophizing, predicts acute pain intensity, but neither factor predicts tolerance or blood pressure reactivity: An experimental investigation in pain-free individuals, Eur J Pain, 8 Osman, 2000, The Pain Catastrophizing Scale: further psychometric evaluation with adult samples, J Behav Med, 23, 351, 10.1023/A:1005548801037 Osman, 2002, The Fear of Pain Questionnaire-III: further reliability and validity with nonclinical samples, J Behav Med, 25, 155, 10.1023/A:1014884704974 Schmidt, 1999, Effects of anxiety sensitivity on anxiety and pain during a cold pressor challenge in patients with panic disorder, Behav Res Ther, 37, 313, 10.1016/S0005-7967(98)00139-9 Osman, 1997, Factor structure, reliability, and validity of the Pain Catastrophizing Scale, J Behav Med, 20, 589, 10.1023/A:1025570508954 Van Damme, 2002, A confirmatory factor analysis of the Pain Catastrophizing Scale: invariant factor structure across clinical and non-clinical populations, Pain, 96, 319, 10.1016/S0304-3959(01)00463-8 D'Eon, 2004, Testing factorial validity and gender invariance of the pain catastrophizing scale, J Behav Med, 27, 361, 10.1023/B:JOBM.0000042410.34535.64 McNeil, 1998, Development of the Fear of Pain Questionnaire-III, J Behav Med, 21, 389, 10.1023/A:1018782831217 Roelofs, 2005, The Fear of Pain Questionnaire (FPQ): further psychometric examination in a non-clinical sample, Pain, 116, 339, 10.1016/j.pain.2005.05.003 Tamiya, 2002, Assessment of pain, depression, and anxiety by visual analogue scale in Japanese women with rheumatoid arthritis, Scand J Caring Sci, 16, 137, 10.1046/j.1471-6712.2002.00067.x Boker, 2002, The Amsterdam preoperative anxiety and information scale provides a simple and reliable measure of preoperative anxiety, Can J Anaesth, 49, 792, 10.1007/BF03017410 Millar, 1995, Assessment of preoperative anxiety: comparison of measures in patients awaiting surgery for breast cancer, Br J Anaesth, 74, 180, 10.1093/bja/74.2.180 Davey, 2007, A one-item question with a Likert or visual analog scale adequately measured current anxiety, J Clin Epidemiol, 60, 356, 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.07.015 Price, 2002, Enhanced temporal summation of second pain and its central modulation in fibromyalgia patients, Pain, 99, 49, 10.1016/S0304-3959(02)00053-2 Bolton, 1998, Responsiveness of pain scales: a comparison of three pain intensity measures in chiropractic patients, J Manipulative Physiol Ther, 21, 1 DeLoach, 1998, The visual analog scale in the immediate postoperative period: intrasubject variability and correlation with a numeric scale, Anesth Analg, 86, 102, 10.1213/00000539-199801000-00020 Hartrick, 2003, The numeric rating scale for clinical pain measurement: a ratio measure?, Pain Pract, 3, 310, 10.1111/j.1530-7085.2003.03034.x Jensen, 1986, The measurement of clinical pain intensity: a comparison of six methods, Pain, 27, 117, 10.1016/0304-3959(86)90228-9 Herzog, 1993, Cavitation sounds during spinal manipulative treatments, J Manipulative Physiol Ther, 16, 523 Diers, 2007, Central processing of acute muscle pain in chronic low back pain patients: an EEG mapping study, J Clin Neurophysiol, 24, 76, 10.1097/01.wnp.0000241093.00844.0e O'Neill, 2007, Generalized deep-tissue hyperalgesia in patients with chronic low-back pain, Eur J Pain, 11, 415, 10.1016/j.ejpain.2006.05.009 Giesecke, 2004, Evidence of augmented central pain processing in idiopathic chronic low back pain, Arthritis Rheum, 50, 613, 10.1002/art.20063 Rygh, 2005, Long-term potentiation in spinal nociceptive systems–how acute pain may become chronic, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 30, 959, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.04.007 Winkelstein, 2004, Mechanisms of central sensitization, neuroimmunology & injury biomechanics in persistent pain: implications for musculoskeletal disorders, J Electromyogr Kinesiol, 14, 87, 10.1016/j.jelekin.2003.09.017 Staud, 2001, Evidence for abnormal pain processing in fibromyalgia syndrome, Pain Med, 2, 208, 10.1046/j.1526-4637.2001.01030.x Herzog, 1995, Reflex responses associated with manipulative treatments on the thoracic spine: a pilot study, J Manipulative Physiol Ther, 18, 233 Seffinger, 2004, Reliability of spinal palpation for diagnosis of back and neck pain: a systematic review of the literature, Spine, 29, E413, 10.1097/01.brs.0000141178.98157.8e Troyanovich, 1998, Motion palpation: it's time to accept the evidence, J Manipulative Physiol Ther, 21, 568 Beffa, 2004, Does the adjustment cavitate the targeted joint? An investigation into the location of cavitation sounds, J Manipulative Physiol Ther, 27, e2, 10.1016/j.jmpt.2003.12.014 Herzog, 2001, The effective forces transmitted by high-speed, low-amplitude thoracic manipulation, Spine, 26, 2105, 10.1097/00007632-200110010-00012 Ross, 2004, Determining cavitation location during lumbar and thoracic spinal manipulation: is spinal manipulation accurate and specific, Spine, 29, 1452, 10.1097/01.BRS.0000129024.95630.57 Tullberg, 1998, Manipulation does not alter the position of the sacroiliac joint. A roentgen stereophotogrammetric analysis, Spine, 23, 1124, 10.1097/00007632-199805150-00010 Kalauokalani, 2001, Lessons from a trial of acupuncture and massage for low back pain: patient expectations and treatment effects, Spine, 26, 1418, 10.1097/00007632-200107010-00005